3个质量相当的天体,因重力牵引会如何相互作用? 将会非常混乱。(图/youtube)
曾经吹起中国科幻热潮的小说《三体》,设想在太阳附近的三合星,那裡的智慧物种一直面临难以预测潮汐与气候异常,几千代都难以破解。这个情节是借用天体物理学著名的“三体问题”(Three-Body
Problem)而来。不过现在科学家靠著超级电脑与人工智能的运动,找到12000个可能解。
1687 年,艾萨克•牛顿(Sir Isaac
Newton)提出了运动定律和万有引力定律,使太阳、地球、行星、卫星的位署都变得可以计算。然而我们太阳系这种“一个太阳”的友善情况并不多见,在宇宙中,反而是双星系统与三合星系统更常见。双星系统是大小恆星相互环绕,还算是有规律;要是出现3个互相引力牵引的恆星,那又当如何?
自牛顿时代以来,天体数学家们一直在试图找到解决方案,来解释三个天体如何保持在相互影响的重力作用下,不会发生碰撞或飞入太空。但是数学家很很快就发现,“三体问题”的变数太多,至今仍在摸不著头脑。
既然人类算不出来,那就交给工具去计算,保加利亚的伊凡•赫里斯托夫(Ivan
Hristov),利用超级电脑和人工智能系统来协助,结果电脑给了出多达 12,409
个轨道模式,可论是眼花缭乱,目前这些解决方案尚未经过同行评审,但已经引起一些有趣的的讨论。
一些科学家认为,这12409年的可能解,在现实宇宙中恐怕不一定有用,因为交给超级电脑计算的初始条件,是3个星体都是静止的,而现实宇宙的3个星体会有初始速度。
美国路易斯安那州立大学物理学家法兰克 (Juhan
Frank)说:“我们需要精确的初始条件才能预测,以至于它们在自然界中可能永远无法实现。”
赫里斯托夫也承认这项工作还有很多不足之处,但是“可能仍具有天文学意义”,他还沉浸在预测轨道的美妙之中。他说:“稳定或不稳定无所谓,至少它们具有很大的理论意义,也有非常美丽的时空结构。”
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