沃森早期因相信DNA是遗传物质并因共同提出DNA的双螺旋模型而声名大噪,其后他逐渐相信遗传基因差异可以解释很多(如果不是全部)的人类社会的(包含智力在内的)差异。1973年他接受《The Atlantic Monthly》采访时说:“Some people are much brighter than others; that’s just the way it is. We can’t change it, because most of it is in the genes.” (有些人比其他人聪明多了,这是没办法的事,因为绝大部分是因为基因差异)。
在1980年代演讲与随笔 (后被收录进《Avoid Boring People》)中,沃森提出“Education can improve a person’s performance only to a certain point; after that, genetics sets the limit.”(教育能提升表现,但到某个限度后,基因设定了天花板)。
人类基因组计划启动后,作为该计划的领导者,沃森将个体间遗传差异的推断外推到群体差异上,这一步使他的科学观点跨越了从已验证到未验证的界限。 1994年他的言论被《纽约时报》引用如下:“There is no reason to assume that the intellectual capacities of peoples separated geographically in their evolution should be identical. Evolution works differently in different environments.” (没有理由假设在进化中地理上分隔的人群,其智力能力完全相同。进化在不同环境中以不同方式运作。)
在2007年 他在《Sunday Times》采访中最具代表性的一段话,是他基因决定论的顶点式表达: “All our social policies are based on the fact that their intelligence is the same as ours — whereas all the testing says not really.”( 我们所有的社会政策都建立在假设他们(非洲人)的智力与我们相同的基础上,而所有的测试都表明并非如此。)并补充道,“There is no firm reason to anticipate that the intellectual capacities of peoples geographically separated in their evolution should prove to have evolved identically.” ( 没有充分的理由可以预期,在地理上分隔、各自进化的人群,其智力能力会恰好以相同的方式进化)。
沃森2007年的言论无视这些科学界的研究发展,故而被科学界广泛抵制,被认为是老调的科学种族主义言论的再现,并在社会层面引起了轩然大波。沃森本人曾经为此道歉,承认其言论并无科学依据。“I cannot understand how I could have said what I am quoted as having said.There is no scientific basis for such a belief.” (我无法理解自己怎么会说出那样的话。那样的信念没有科学依据。)
这个道歉后来被认为是无诚意的公关式道歉 ,因为他本人依然保持这个观点。2019年的纪录片 《American Masters: Decoding Watson》 中,当他被问及这个问题时,他的回答是:“Yes. I would say the difference is genetic.”, “I wish it weren’t true, but there’s a difference on the average between Blacks and Whites on IQ tests. ”(是的,我认为这种(智力)差异是(因为)遗传(因素)。我希望事实不是这样,但黑人与白人在智商测试上平均存在差异。 )
Studies on the IQ of Black children adopted by white families show that they tend to have higher average IQ scores than Black children in their biological homes, often scoring higher than the national average for Black children, but still below the average of their white adoptive siblings. For example, the Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study found that by age 17, Black children adopted by white families scored an average of 89, while white children raised in the same households averaged 109. The findings suggest that environmental factors like socioeconomic status and education play a role in IQ scores, but do not completely eliminate the gap between racial averages.
论文结尾作者说,To conclude, we have used the results from four published studies on the validity of national IQ to estimate the national IQs of sub-Saharan African countries on the basis of their means in large-scale student assessment surveys. The average predicted national IQs for Botswana, Ghana, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe are 81.4, 70.3, 83.9, 88.3, 73.8, 90.2, and 84.6。
沃森早期因相信DNA是遗传物质并因共同提出DNA的双螺旋模型而声名大噪,其后他逐渐相信遗传基因差异可以解释很多(如果不是全部)的人类社会的(包含智力在内的)差异。1973年他接受《The Atlantic Monthly》采访时说:“Some people are much brighter than others; that’s just the way it is. We can’t change it, because most of it is in the genes.” (有些人比其他人聪明多了,这是没办法的事,因为绝大部分是因为基因差异)。
在1980年代演讲与随笔 (后被收录进《Avoid Boring People》)中,沃森提出“Education can improve a person’s performance only to a certain point; after that, genetics sets the limit.”(教育能提升表现,但到某个限度后,基因设定了天花板)。
人类基因组计划启动后,作为该计划的领导者,沃森将个体间遗传差异的推断外推到群体差异上,这一步使他的科学观点跨越了从已验证到未验证的界限。 1994年他的言论被《纽约时报》引用如下:“There is no reason to assume that the intellectual capacities of peoples separated geographically in their evolution should be identical. Evolution works differently in different environments.” (没有理由假设在进化中地理上分隔的人群,其智力能力完全相同。进化在不同环境中以不同方式运作。)
在2007年 他在《Sunday Times》采访中最具代表性的一段话,是他基因决定论的顶点式表达: “All our social policies are based on the fact that their intelligence is the same as ours — whereas all the testing says not really.”( 我们所有的社会政策都建立在假设他们(非洲人)的智力与我们相同的基础上,而所有的测试都表明并非如此。)并补充道,“There is no firm reason to anticipate that the intellectual capacities of peoples geographically separated in their evolution should prove to have evolved identically.” ( 没有充分的理由可以预期,在地理上分隔、各自进化的人群,其智力能力会恰好以相同的方式进化)。
沃森2007年的言论无视这些科学界的研究发展,故而被科学界广泛抵制,被认为是老调的科学种族主义言论的再现,并在社会层面引起了轩然大波。沃森本人曾经为此道歉,承认其言论并无科学依据。“I cannot understand how I could have said what I am quoted as having said.There is no scientific basis for such a belief.” (我无法理解自己怎么会说出那样的话。那样的信念没有科学依据。)
这个道歉后来被认为是无诚意的公关式道歉 ,因为他本人依然保持这个观点。2019年的纪录片 《American Masters: Decoding Watson》 中,当他被问及这个问题时,他的回答是:“Yes. I would say the difference is genetic.”, “I wish it weren’t true, but there’s a difference on the average between Blacks and Whites on IQ tests. ”(是的,我认为这种(智力)差异是(因为)遗传(因素)。我希望事实不是这样,但黑人与白人在智商测试上平均存在差异。 )