约翰·洛克的教育思想(中英对照)-4: 惩罚与奖赏

PUNISHMENTS | This being laid down in general, as the course that ought to be taken, it is fit we now come to consider the parts of the discipline to be used, a little more particularly. I have spoken so much of carrying a strict hand over children, that perhaps I shall be suspected of not considering enough, what is due to their tender age and constitutions. But that opinion will vanish, when you have heard me a little farther: for I am very apt to think, that great severity of punishment does but very little good, nay, great harm in education; and I believe it will be found that, caeteris paribus, those children who have been most chastised, seldom make the best men. All that I have hitherto contended for, is, that whatsoever rigor is necessary, it is more to be used, the younger children are; and having by a due application wrought its effect, it is to be relaxed, and changed into a milder sort of government.

惩罚 |  一般原则已经提过，更进一步，我们现在应更仔细考虑管教的细节。我已说了很多关于小孩要严加管束，也许大家不免怀疑我没有更多地考虑到小孩脆弱的年纪与身体。但是你只要再听我说下去，这种误解便会消失：因为我知道，极严厉的惩罚少有好处，不，它在教育上的害处还很大；并且我相信，相等条件下，受严厉惩罚最重的小孩，很少有长大成为最好的成人的。迄今我所强调的只是，无论需要怎样严格的管理，总是孩子愈小愈须多用；在恰当运用达到效果后，就应该放松，改用更温和的管理方式。

AWE | A compliance and suppleness of their wills, being by a steady hand introduced by parents, before children have memories to retain the beginnings of it, will seem natural to them, and work afterwards in them as if it were so, preventing all occasions of struggling or repining. The only care is, that it be begun early, and inflexibly kept to untill awe and respect be grown familiar, and there appears not the least reluctancy in the submission, and ready obedience of their minds. When this reverence is once thus established, (which it must be early, or else it will cost pains and blows to recover it, and the more the longer it is deferred) it is by it, still mixed with as much indulgence as they make not an ill use of, and not by beating, chiding, or other servile punishments, they are for the future to be governed as they grow up to more understanding.

畏惧 |  在小孩能记事以前，父母就应坚定地使他们的意志柔和顺从，自然而然就如此形成，不致发生反抗与怨恨。惟一注意的是，这要尽早开始，要毫不放松地保持，直到敬畏之心成为习惯，他们的心智愿意服从，没有丝毫的犹豫。当这样的尊敬一旦建立， (这要及早确立，否则要受痛苦与鞭策才能改正过来，耽误愈久，所受痛苦与鞭策愈多)，凭借这点，即使小孩仍有许多嗜好，只要运用得当，他们将来长大比较懂事后也能被管束住，不需要用鞭打、呵叱、或别的令人屈辱的惩罚。

That this is so, will be easily allowed, when it is but considered, what is to be aimed at in an ingenuous education; and upon what it turns.

1. SELF-DENIAL | He that has not a mastery over his inclinations, he that knows not how to resist the importunity of present pleasure or pain, for the sake of what reason tells him is fit to be done, wants the true principle of virtue and industry, and is in danger never to be good for anything. This temper therefore, so contrary to unguided nature, is to be got betimes; and this habit, as the true foundation of future ability and happiness, is to be wrought into the mind as early as may be, even from the first dawnings of knowledge or apprehension in children, and so to be confirmed in them, by all the care and ways imaginable, by those who have the oversight of their education.

只要认真思考，真正的教育目标是什么，这道理是很容易令人理解的；因之如下：

1. 自我克制 |  凡不能控制自己的欲望，不知听从理智的教导去抵制现时快乐或痛苦的驱使的人，都缺乏美德与勤奋的真正原则，会有一事无成的危险。所以这种自制的性情，与不受控制的本性如此相反，应该及早培养；而且这种习惯，作为未来能力与幸福的真正基础，应及早打入他们心中，当孩子刚刚吸取知识、刚刚懂事就开始，所有对于他们的教育负责的人，都要用尽办法，来确保这习惯在他们中形成。

2. DEJECTED | On the other side, if the mind be curbed, and humbled too much in children; if their spirits be abased and broken much, by too strict an hand over them, they lose all their vigour and industry, and are in a worse state than the former. For extravagant young fellows, that have liveliness and spirit, come sometimes to be set right, and so make able and great men; but dejected minds, timorous and tame, and low spirits, are hardly ever to be raised, and very seldom attain to any thing. To avoid the danger that is on either hand, is the great art; and he that has found a way how to keep up a child's spirit easy, active, and free, and yet at the same time to restrain him from many things he has a mind to, and to draw him to things that are uneasy to him; he, I say, that knows how to reconcile these seeming contradictions, has, in my opinion, got the true secret of education.

2. 颓丧 |  另一方面，如果小孩的心智被过分抑制、过分贬低；如果他们的精神，因为过于严格的管束，而过分自卑、过分颓废，他们就会失去他们所有的活力与精力，这是比前者更坏的情形。因为挥霍不羁的青年，都是有活力与精神的，一旦走上正途，可以成为能干和伟大的人；但是心情颓丧的，则会胆怯、沉闷、精神萎靡，很不容易振作起来，极少作出什么事业。要避免这两方面的危险，那是一种伟大的技巧；如果谁能找出一个方法，既能使得小孩的精神自如、活跃、自由，又能同时使他抑制自己对于许多事物的欲望，并接近他不自在的东西；那知道怎样调和这种表面的矛盾的人，在我看来，是懂得教育的真正秘诀的。

BEATING | The usual lazy and short way by chastisement and the rod, which is the only instrument of government that tutors generally know, or ever think of, is the most unfit of any to be used in education, because it tends to both those mischiefs; which, as we have shewn, are the Scylla and Charybdis, which on the one hand or the other ruin all that miscarry.

鞭笞 |  通常懒惰而取巧的教育方法是训斥和鞭笞，也是教师知道或想到的管教小孩的惟一工具，但这是最不适用于教育的一种方法，因为它趋向于两种弊端；这两种危险，选择任何一个都会毁掉其中所有的。

1. This kind of punishment contributes not at all to the mastery of our natural propensity to indulge corporal and present pleasure, and to avoid pain at any rate, but rather encourages it, and thereby strengthens that in us, which is the root from whence spring all vicious actions, and the irregularities of life. For what other motive, but of sensual pleasure and pain, does a child act by, who drudges at his book against his inclination, or abstains from eating unwholesome fruit, that he takes pleasure in, only out of fear of whipping? He in this only prefers the greater corporal pleasure, or avoids the greater corporal pain. And what is it, to govern his actions, and direct his conduct by such motives as these? What is it, I say, but to cherish that principle in him, which it is our business to root out and destroy? And therefore I cannot think any correction useful to a child, where the shame of suffering for having done amiss, does not work more upon him than the pain.

1. 我们天生的倾向是耽于肉体与现时的快乐、极力避免痛苦，这种体罚方法不仅不能抑制这种倾向，反而会鼓励它，因而增强它在我们身上的作用，这是产生一切邪恶行为与生活不正常的根源。一个小孩因为害怕挨打，就努力读他不想学习的书、不吃他喜欢的不健康水果，他的行为动机除了感官的快乐与痛苦，还有别的什么吗？他这样只是贪图更大的肉体快乐，避免更大的肉体痛苦。用这样的动机去管束他的行动、指导他的行为，这是什么呢？我说，这不正是让我们要根除的那种倾向在他身上得到保护生长吗？所以我认为任何惩戒，若引起羞于犯错的心理不比害怕挨打的心理强的话，对小孩都是没有用的。

2. This sort of correction naturally breeds an aversion to that which it is the tutor's business to create a liking to. How obvious is it to observe, that children come to hate things which were at first acceptable to them, when they find themselves whipped, and chid, and teased about them? And it is not to be wondered at in them, when grown men would not be able to be reconciled to any thing by such ways. Who is there that would not be disgusted with any innocent recreation, in itself indifferent to him, if he should with blows or ill language be haled to it, when he had no mind? Or be constantly so treated, for some circumstances in his application to it? This is natural to be so. Offensive circumstances ordinarily infect innocent things which they are joined with; and the very sight of a cup wherein any one uses to take nauseous physick, turns his stomach, so that nothing will relish well out of it, though the cup be never so clean and well-shaped, and of the richest materials.

2. 这类惩戒自然使小孩厌恶老师本来让他们喜欢的东西。小孩会仇恨他们本来是喜爱的东西，很明显是因为为了那些东西受了鞭打、呵斥和戏弄。这并没有什么奇怪的，因为就是成年的人， 也不能用这种方法让他们爱好任何东西。任何无害的娱乐，他也无所谓喜不喜欢，倘若当他无心去玩时，却被鞭打或恶语相加而逼着去玩；或者当他正玩的时候，因为某些情况就一直被如此对待，谁不会因此心生厌恶呢？这是自然会发生的。令人反感的情境常会影响与其相关的、无辜的事物的；譬如有人看到某个常用来喝恶心药水的杯子就会反胃，不管那怀子再干净、再外形优美、再材料贵重，都不会使他对其中的东西感兴趣。

3. Such a sort of slavish discipline makes a slavish temper. The child submits, and dissembles obedience, whilst the fear of the rod hangs over him; but when that is removed, and by being out of sight, he can promise himself impunity, he gives the greater scope to his natural inclination; which by this way is not at all altered, but, on the contrary, heightened and increased in him; and after such restraint, breaks out usually with the more violence; or,

这种奴隶式的管教只能养成一种奴隶式的脾性。当小孩在教鞭威胁下，他会屈服、会假意顺从；当这威胁被移走而看不见了，他知道自己不会受罚，他就会放任他本来的倾向；这种倾向不仅一点也没改善，而且反而会在他的身上继续增长；经此约束，爆发起来更加猛烈。

4. If severity carried to the highest pitch does prevail, and works a cure upon the present unruly distemper, it often brings in the room of it a worse and more dangerous disease, by breaking the mind; and then, in the place of a disorderly young fellow, you have a low spirited, moped creature, who, however with his unnatural sobriety he may please silly people, who commend tame unactive children, because they make no noise, nor give them any trouble; yet at last, will probably prove as uncomfortable a thing to his friends, as he will be all his life an useless thing to himself and others.

4. 假如管教到了最严厉的程度，虽然可以治好目前任性的毛病，但是常常带来更糟糕更危险的精神崩溃的毛病；那时，代替一个胡作非为的青年，你得到的是一个精神萎靡、麻木不仁的家伙，他不自然的沉闷可以取悦愚蠢的人们，蠢人们喜欢驯服呆板的小孩，因为他们不吵闹、不捣乱；但最后，这样的小孩不能和他的朋友自然相处，他终其一生对他自己与别人都没有用。

REWARDS | Beating them, and all other sorts of slavish and corporal punishments, are not the discipline fit to be used in the education of those we would have wise, good, and ingenuous men; and therefore very rarely to be applied, and that only in great occasions, and cases of extremity. On the other side, to flatter children by rewards of things that are pleasant to them, is as carefully to be avoided. He that will give to his son apples or sugar-plumbs, or what else of this kind he is most delighted with, to make him learn his book, does but authorize his love of pleasure, and cocker up that dangerous propensity, which he ought by all means to subdue and stifle in him. You can never hope to teach him to master it, whilst you compound for the check you gave his inclination in one place, by the satisfaction you propose to it in another. To make a good, a wise, and a virtuous man, it is fit he should learn to cross his appetite, and deny his inclination to riches, finery, or pleasing his palate, etc. whenever his reason advises the contrary, and his duty requires it. But when you draw him to do any thing that is fit by the offer of money, or reward the pains of learning his book by the pleasure of a luscious morsel; when you promise him a lace-cravat or a fine new suit, upon performance of some of his little tasks; what do you by proposing these as rewards, but allow them to be the good things he should aim at, and thereby encourage his longing for them, and accustom him to place his happiness in them? Thus people, to prevail with children to be industrious about their grammar, dancing, or some other such matter, of no great moment to the happiness or usefulness of their lives, by misapplied rewards and punishments, sacrifice their virtue, invert the order of their education, and teach them luxury, pride, or covetousness, etc. For in this way, flattering those wrong inclinations which they should restrain and suppress, they lay the foundations of those future vices, which cannot be avoided but by curbing our desires and accustoming them early to submit to reason.

奖励 | 鞭打及其它所有奴役性、肉体性的惩罚，都不是适合于教育明智、良善、直率的人的手段；因此要尽量少用，除非是万不得已和极端情形下。另一方面，用小孩喜欢的东西来奖励小孩，以此讨他们的高兴，也应该仔细地避免。那拿苹果、糖球或者别的为儿子所最喜爱的东西去让儿子念书的，就是认可了儿子对快乐的喜爱，是纵容他本应该全力去征服与灭除的危险癖好。你遏制他一方面的癖好，却又满足他的另一方面癖好，你是不可能教会他去掌控自己的癖好的。为了成为一个良善、明智、有德行的人，孩子要学会克制自己的嗜欲，只要理智所反对和责任所要求的时候，他应该抑制自己对于财富、服饰、饮食等等事物的欲望。但是当你用金钱来驱使他做该做的事，或用可口的小吃来酬报他读书的辛苦；当你许诺他花边领巾或漂亮新衣，只为他完成了某些小任务；你以这些作为奖励的做法，不正是让他以这些好东西作目标，鼓励他去想望这些东西，使他习惯把自己的快乐放在这些东西上面吗？所以，人们为使小孩努力学习文法、跳舞、以及其它某些对他们生活幸福与利益并无毗益的东西，便乱用奖励与惩罚，由此牺牲他们的德行，颠倒他们的教育顺序，教会他们奢侈、骄傲、贪婪等等。因为这样一来，本应克制压抑的不良癖好反而得到鼓励，他们为将来的邪恶奠定了基础，那些是无从避免的，除非我们能克制自己的欲望并尽早使它惯于服从理智。

I say not this, that I would have children kept from the conveniences or pleasures of life, that are not injurious to their health or virtue. On the contrary, I would have their lives made as pleasant and as agreeable to them as may be, in a plentiful enjoyment of whatsoever might innocently delight them; provided it be with this caution, that they have those enjoyments, only as the consequences of the state of esteem and acceptation they are in with their parents and governors; but they should never be offered or bestowed on them, as the rewards of this or that particular performance, that they shew an aversion to, or to which they would not have applied themselves without that temptation.

我并不是说，我不准小孩享受一些无损于健康或德行的舒适与快乐。恰恰相反，我希望他们的生活尽可能的愉快与合他们的心意，他们可以享受任何对他们无害而愉悦的娱乐；只要注意，他们获得这些快乐，只是因为得到了父母与导师的接纳与嘉许的结果；但决不要因为他们做了他们原本不爱做的、或不经诱惑就不做的某件事情，就以此为报去奖励他们。

But if you take away the rod on one hand, and these little encouragements which they are taken with, on the other, how then (will you say) shall children be governed? Remove hope and fear, and there is an end of all discipline. I grant that good and evil, reward and punishment, are the only motives to a rational creature: these are the spur and reins whereby all mankind are set on work, and guided, and therefore they are to be made use of to children too. For I advise their parents and governors always to carry this in their minds, that children are to be treated as rational creatures.

但是倘若你一方面取消了教鞭惩戒，另一方面又不利用为小孩所接受的这些小鼓励，那么 (你会问)小孩应当怎样管束呢？取消希望与畏惧，就终结了所有的纪律手段。我也同意，善有奖，恶有罚，这是理性动物的惟一的行为动机：它是使所有人去工作、去接受导引的马刺与缰辔，也应该能够用在孩子身上的。我之所以劝父母们与导师们要永远记住这点，就是孩子应当作为理性动物来看待。

Rewards, I grant, and punishments must be proposed to children, if we intend to work upon them. The mistake I imagine is, that those that are generally made use of, are ill chosen. The pains and pleasures of the body are, I think, of ill consequence, when made the rewards and punishments whereby men would prevail on their children; for, as I said before, they serve but to increase and strengthen those inclinations, which it is our business to subdue and master. What principle of virtue do you lay in a child, if you will redeem his desires of one pleasure, by the proposal of another? This is but to enlarge his appetite, and instruct it to wander. If a child cries for an unwholesome and dangerous fruit, you purchase his quiet by giving him a less hurtful sweet-meat. This perhaps may preserve his health, but spoils his mind, and sets that farther out of order. For here you only change the object, but flatter still his appetite, and allow that must be satisfied, wherein, as I have shewed, lies the root of the mischief; and till you bring him to be able to bear a denial of that satisfaction, the child may at present be quiet and orderly, but the disease is not cured. By this way of proceeding, you foment and cherish in him that which is the spring from whence all the evil flows, which will be sure on the next occasion to break out again with more violence, give him stronger longings, and you more trouble.

我承认，如果我们对小孩有所影响，奖励与惩罚是应该用在他们身上的。我想大家的错误在于通常用的奖惩方法是选择不当的。我觉得身体上的痛苦与快乐被当作奖励与惩罚的手段来劝诱小孩，结果是不会好的；因为我说过，它们只会助长和加强那些应被我们压制的嗜欲。如果你让小孩搁置一个欲望，而满足他的另一个愿望以作补偿，你到底要教他什么样的道德原则呢？这只会扩大他的嗜欲，使其误入歧途。假如一个小孩哭求一个不健康、有害的水果，你为使他安静，便给他危害性更小的糖果。这也许会保持他的健康，但会损害他的心灵，使其偏离正轨。因为这里你只是改正嗜欲的对象，但是仍然鼓励他的嗜欲本身，仍然允许它一定得到满足，其实我已表明过，嗜欲本身就是病根；在你不能使他克制那种欲望以前，小孩目前也许能安静和守规矩，但毛病并没有被根治。就这样发展下去，你助长保护他心中的一切罪恶的源泉，下次有机会，它就会再次凶猛爆发，给他更强的欲望，给你更多的麻烦。

REPUTATION | The rewards and punishments then, whereby we should keep children in order, are quite of another kind, and of that force, that when we can get them once to work, the business, I think, is done, and the difficulty is over. Esteem and disgrace are, of all others, the most powerful incentives to the mind, when once it is brought to relish them. If you can once get into children a love of credit, and an apprehension of shame and disgrace, you have put into them the true principle, which will constantly work and incline them to the right. But it will be asked, How shall this be done?

名誉 |  我们用来使小孩守规矩的奖励与惩罚是另一种，它们具有那种力量，一旦我们使它起了作用，事情便办好了，困难就过去了。尊重与羞辱的意义一旦为小孩所明白，它们就成为对他心灵最强有力的刺激。如果你能在孩子心中放入对名誉的爱、对羞辱的怕，你就在他们心中放入真正的原则，这原则会一直起作用，使他们走正路。大家会问，怎样做到这一点呢？

I confess it does not at first appearance want some difficulty; but yet I think it worth our while to seek the ways (and practise them when found) to attain this, which I look on as the great secret of education.

我承认这初看起来并不难；但是我仍觉得值得我们去寻求达到这目标的方法 (以及寻得以后怎样实行)，我认为这是教育的一大秘诀。

First, children (earlier perhaps than we think) are very sensible of praise and commendation. They find a pleasure in being esteemed and valued, especially by their parents and those whom they depend on. If therefore the father caress and commend them when they do well, shew a cold and neglectful countenance to them upon doing ill, and this accompanied by a like carriage of the mother and all others that are about them, it will, in a little time, make them sensible of the difference; and this, if constantly observed, I doubt not but will of itself work more than threats or blows, which lose their force when once grown common, and are of no use when shame does not attend them; and therefore are to be forborne, and never to be used, but in the case hereafter-mentioned, when it is brought to extremity.

第一，孩子 (可能比我们想象的要早)对赞扬与批评很敏感。他们觉得被人尊敬与看重，尤其是被父母及自己所倚赖的人，是一种快乐。因此假如父亲看到子女做得好，就爱抚、赞扬他们，看到子女干坏事，就冷淡、不理睬他们，同时母亲以及周围其他人也用同样的态度去对待他们，那么不久，子女就会感到这种差异；这种办法如果一直执行下去，我相信它比威吓或鞭笞更有效，威吓或鞭笞用得太多就失去效力，而且没有伴随而来的羞辱感，也没有用处；所以除了后面提到的万不得已的情形之外，是应该禁止，绝对不用的。

But secondly, to make the sense of esteem or disgrace sink the deeper, and be of the more weight, other agreeable or disagreeable things should constantly accompany these different states; not as particular rewards and punishments of this or that particular action, but as necessarily belonging to, and constantly attending one, who by his carriage has brought himself into a state of disgrace or commendation. By which way of treating them, children may as much as possible be brought to conceive, that those that are commended, and in esteem for doing well, will necessarily be beloved and cherished by every body, and have all other good things as a consequence of it; and on the other side, when any one by miscarriage falls into disesteem, and cares not to preserve his credit, he will unavoidably fall under neglect and contempt; and in that state, the want of whatever might satisfy or delight him will follow. In this way the objects of their desires are made assisting to virtue, when a settled experience from the beginning teaches children that the things they delight in, belong to, and are to be enjoyed by those only who are in a state of reputation. If by these means you can come once to shame them out of their faults, (for besides that, I would willingly have no punishment) and make them in love with the pleasure of being well thought on, you may turn them as you please, and they will be in love with all the ways of virtue.

但是，第二，为加深小孩对尊重或羞辱的感受，并使这感受更有分量，其它令人愉快或不愉快的事物应该时时伴随这不同的感受而来；不是作为这样或那样特定行为的特定奖励或惩罚，而是作为他的举止被人奚落或赞许带来的必然的、一直伴随的结果。以此方法对待小孩，他们最终会明白，那些因良好行为而受人赞扬与敬重的，必然会被人所珍视与喜爱，并由此得到其它种种好处；相反，那因品行不端而被人冷遇的人，不重视自己信誉的人，他不可避免地会被人忽视与轻蔑，他也得不到他满意的或喜欢的任何东西。通过这种办法，当小孩从起初的经验就认识到他们喜爱的事物只有名声好的人才能得到、才能享受，他们的欲求对象反而可以助长他们的美德。假如你能用这些方法使他们羞于犯过 (因为除此以外，我希望不用惩罚)，使他们乐于被人看得起，你就可以随你的心意引导他们，而他们也会热爱一切美德。

The great difficulty here is, I imagine, from the folly and perverseness of servants, who are hardly to be hindered from crossing herein the design of the father and mother. Children discountenanced by their parents for any fault, find usually a refuge and relief in the caresses of those foolish flatterers, who thereby undo whatever the parents endeavour to establish. When the father or mother looks sore on the child, everybody else should put on the same coldness to him, and nobody give him countenance, untill forgiveness asked, and a reformation of his fault has set him right again, and restored him to his former credit. If this were constantly observed, I guess there would be little need of blows or chiding: their own ease and satisfaction would quickly teach children to court commendation, and avoid doing that which they found everybody condemned and they were sure to suffer for, without being chid or beaten. This would teach them modesty and shame; and they would quickly come to have a natural abhorrence for that which they found made them slighted and neglected by every body. But how this inconvenience from servants is to be remedyed, I must leave to parents' care and consideration. Only I think it of great importance; and that they are very happy who can get discreet people about their children.

我觉得这样做的巨大困难是仆人们的愚蠢奸恶，很难防止他们不来干扰父母的计划。小孩犯了过失而受到父母的批评之后，常常可以从这些愚蠢的奉承者的抚爱中得到包庇与安慰，他们因而把父母要培养的德行都给破坏了。当父亲或母亲痛心地看着小孩的时候，其它任何人都同样冷淡地对待他，谁也不可以他一点好脸色，直到小孩请求原谅、改正过失、并且恢复以往的名誉为止。假如一直这样实行，我认为鞭笞或呵叱都是不需要的：他们自身的安乐与满足可以很快教小孩去赢取称赞，并且，即使没有呵叱或鞭打，他们也会避免做别人会谴责、自己会受苦的事情。这会教会他们谦逊与知耻；并且他们会很快、很自然地避免做那些他们知道会遭人轻蔑的事情。但怎样消除仆人们带来的不便，我只能留给父母去关照考虑。我只觉得这是非常重要的一件事；那些能找到谨慎持重的人来照料他们的子女的人，他们是非常幸福的。

Frequent beating or chiding is therefore carefully to be avoided: because this sort of correction never produces any good, farther than it serves to raise shame and abhorrence of the miscarriage that brought it on them. And if the greatest part of the trouble be not the sense that they have done amiss, and the apprehension that they have drawn on themselves the just displeasure of their best friends, the pain of whipping will work but an imperfect cure. It only patches up for the present, and skins it over, but reaches not to the bottom of the sore; ingenuous shame, and the apprehensions of displeasure, are the only true restraint. These alone ought to hold the reins, and keep the child in order. But corporal punishments must necessarily lose that effect, and wear out the sense of shame, where they frequently return. Shame in children has the same place that modesty has in women, which cannot be kept and often transgressed against. And as to the apprehension of displeasure in the parents, that will come to be very insignificant, if the marks of that displeasure quickly cease, and a few blows fully expiate. Parents should well consider what faults in their children are weighty enough to deserve the declaration of their anger: but when their displeasure is once declared to a degree that carries any punishment with it, they ought not presently to lay by the severity of their brows, but to restore their children to their former grace with some difficulty; and delay till their conformity, and more than ordinary merit, make good their amendment. If this be not so ordered, punishment will be by familiarity but a thing of course; and offending, being punished and then forgiven, be as natural and ordinary as noon, night, and morning, following one another.

所以，经常的鞭笞或呵叱是要仔细避免的：因为这类惩戒没有任何好处，远不会使他们羞愧与憎恶自己的不端行为。而且假如惩罚的最主要结果不是让小孩意识自己做了错事、明白是他们自己惹好朋友的不高兴，那么鞭笞引起的疼痛不会起任何作用，只是一种不完全的纠正。它只是临时修补，在伤口上长一层皮，并没有接触到溃疡的底层；只有出自内心的羞耻心，和怕惹人不愉快的忧惧心，才是真正的束缚。单单利用它们就能把握缰绳，使小孩遵守秩序。如果体罚使用太频繁，就必然会失去那种效力，会消磨掉羞耻心。小孩的羞耻心就如同妇女的谦逊态度一样，它不能够常常被挑战而仍旧保持下去。如果父母鞭打子女几下之后，很快就不再表现出气恼，那小孩对父母恼怒的惧怕也很快就微不足道了。父母应该仔细考虑子女的哪些过失才值得他们生气：但是一旦生气到了要惩罚那过犯的程度，他们不应当很快放宽严厉的神色，应该设法恢复子女原有的美德；一直要等子女服从规矩，比平时更好了，补偿了他们的错误，［才可以恢复原来的态度］。如果不这样做的话，惩罚就会成为习以为常的事情；而且，犯错、被惩罚、被原谅，就会如同中午、夜晚、早晨一样自然平常地循环往复。

REPUTATION | Concerning reputation, I shall only remark this one thing more of it, that though it be not the true principle and measure of virtue, (for that is the knowledge of a man's duty, and the satisfaction it is to obey his maker, in following the dictates of that light God has given him, with the hopes of acceptation and reward) yet it is that which comes nearest to it: and being the testimony and applause that other people's reason, as it were by a common consent, gives to virtuous and well-ordered actions, it is the proper guide and encouragement of children, untill they grow able to judge for themselves, and to find what is right by their own reason.

名誉 | 关于名誉，我只有一点还要讨论的，就是名誉虽然不是德行的真正原则和标准 (因为那是认识人的责任，满足于服从造物主、跟随上帝的指示，希望得到他的接纳与奖赏)，然而它却是离此最近的：它是大家根据理智，对于有德行的、良好的行为的一种共同认可与赞扬，当小孩没有长大，不能运用自己的理智去做判断以前，它是一种指导小孩和鼓励小孩的适当方法。

This consideration may direct parents how to manage themselves in reproving and commending their children. The rebukes and chiding, which their faults will sometimes make hardly to be avoided, should not only be in sober, grave, and unpassionate words, but also alone and in private: but the commendations children deserve, they should receive before others. This doubles the reward, by spreading their praise; but the backwardness parents shew in divulging their faults, will make them set a greater value on their  themselves, and teach them to be the more careful to preserve the good opinion of others, whilst they think they have it: but when being exposed to shame by publishing their miscarriages, they give it up for lost, that check upon them is taken off, and they will be the less careful to preserve others' good thoughts of them, the more they suspect that their reputation with them is already blemished.

这种考虑可以指导父母应当怎样去责备或表扬他们的孩子。有时不得不训斥与责骂小孩的过犯，这不仅要用冷静、严肃、不动怒的言辞，还应当单独和私下里进行；但是孩子值得赞扬的时候，就应该当着众人的面赞扬。通过传扬对他们的称赞，这会成倍增加对他们的奖励；而父母羞于揭示小孩的过错，会使小孩看重自己的名誉，觉得自己作为有名誉的人要更小心地维持别人的好评；但当他们的过错被公之于众，他们为此受辱，他们会自暴自弃，那么对他们的制衡就没有了，他们愈觉得声誉已经被玷污，他们愈不会小心地维持别人的好评。

CHILDISHNESS | But if a right course be taken with children, there will not be so much need of the application of the common rewards and punishments as we imagine, and as the general practice has established. For all their innocent folly, playing and childish actions, are to be left perfectly free and unrestrained, as far as they can consist with the respect due to those that are present; and that with the greatest allowance. If these faults of their age, rather than of the children themselves, were, as they should be, left only to time and imitation and riper years to cure, children would escape a great deal of misapplied and useless correction, which either fails to overpower the natural disposition of their childhood, and so by an ineffectual familiarity, makes correction in other necessary cases of less use; or else if it be of force to restrain the natural gaiety of that age, it serves only to spoil the temper both of body and mind. If the noise and bustle of their play prove at any time inconvenient, or unsuitable to the place or company they are in, (which can only be where their parents are,) a look or a word from the father or mother, if they have established the authority they should, will be enough either to remove or quiet them for that time. But this gamesome humour, which is wisely adapted by nature to their age and temper, should rather be encouraged to keep up their spirits, and improve their strength and health, than curbed and restrained; and the chief art is to make all that they have to do, sport and play too.

稚气 |  但是假如小孩照管得法，就没有必要多用通常实行的奖励与惩罚。因为他们所有天真的胡闹、玩耍、孩子气的行为，只要他们能够尊重其他在场的人，都应该给予完全的自由，不加任何限制，而且还要尽量补助。假如这些小孩年纪所有的、而不是他们本身的过失，就照它们应该的那样留给时间与岁月来改正，那么小孩就可以避免很多不必要的惩戒，这些惩戒不仅不能压制他们童年的天性，反而会因无效的频繁使用，在矫正其它应该纠正的错误时失去效力；或者因为强行压制童年的纯真欢乐，损害了孩子身心的品性。如果任何时刻他们游戏的喧嚣吵闹不方便、不适宜于某些地方或陪伴 (只能是他们父母在的地方)，假如父母已经建立了他们应有的权威，那父亲或母亲的一个眼色、一句话，就足以让他们走开或安静。但是这欢乐的脾气，是"自然"明智地使其与他们的年龄和性情相匹配的，本应当被鼓励来提高他们的精神，增进他们的力量与健康的，不要被抑制和被约束的；并且教育的主要技巧是把小孩应做的事也都变成运动和游戏似的。

 

摘自Some Thoughts Concerning Education (English-Chinese Edition)(ISBN-10: 1537479857)