好像见过一个中文里嘲笑科学界的汉语词,叫,科学教,让我笑出来。科学和宗教的不同,我想是perspective的不同,简单来说,穿在科学的鞋里,看出去的世界是offen的,Alles möglich,有自己的理论,但是也能接受自己错,接受别人的更合理(也许)更接近事实。而宗教的态度呢,是封闭的,坚守一个字,我,我,我,只有我最对,最好,所有的存在都是为了证明,我。
不错,我这里用到的是宗教两个字,不过想特别强调一下的是,我无意抨击任何一种具体的宗教,只是用这两个字指代一种人生态度,处世哲学观。至于我自己,还是那句话,我尊重任何人选择的选择,我尊重你有认为自己对的权力。
这件事说起来很好玩,如果模型化一下,恰恰是到目前为止人们提出来的三种宇宙模型种的两种。
![](https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avl-lilienthal.de%2Fnewsreader-astrophysik%2Fwas-heisst-das-das-universum-ist-flach.html&psig=AOvVaw0ft-mcQHO4mFo2bdfZcSfg&ust=1699086283295000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBEQjRxqFwoTCKCt1OSzp4IDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAK) ![](https://scr3.golem.de/screenshots/2008/zukunftdesuniversums/thumb620/End_of_universe.jpg)
数学描述的话,三种模型最根本的差别是,曲率。
如果我们的宇宙模型是正曲率(图1),也就是球状,导出来的结果是,这个封闭的球,尽管是向外旋转扩张的,但同时也是回缩的,最后终究会回到一个点,即最初最初的Urknall(Big Bang),宇宙的起点,那也将是宇宙的终结。
第二种马鞍形模型,很容易看到它是没有边界的(unendlich),也就是会一直向外扩张,长,长,长,长,长。
第三种,平面模型,同属于无边无界。
问题来了,哪一个模型按我们已有的知识推断,最合理?
2000年4月出现的对Hintergrundstrahlung(background radiation)新的研究结果,终于可以回答这个问题。
上世界70年代,人们已经证实,我们的宇宙中,充满了有完全不同的internal structure微波辐射。也就是说,不同方向的辐射波,强度也不同。将这些波通过波谱分离并投射成一张(颜色)图,然后对图上不同点的距离分析,得到的结果,是我们宇宙空间模型的曲率。
理论讲完(我也不爱讲这些,没兴趣的跳过去好了),结论是,我们生活在一个完全F-L-A-T的宇宙空间(如图三)。也就是说,我们的宇宙会无限扩张(unendlich Ausdehnen-infinitely expanding)。
Cosmic microwave backgrund radiation的发现,归功于Arno Allan Penzias和Robert Wilson两名物理学家,1964年。
那是另外一个科学界的传奇,说起来会很有趣,但是也很长,这里略过。Arno Penzias和Robert Wilson(两个美国人哦),连同Pyotr Kapitsa(俄),分了1978年的诺贝尔物理奖。
这个现象连同一起的理论,支持的是关于宇宙起源的Big Bang Theory,中文翻译成,大爆炸。具体来说,即宇宙的起源是一个点(Urknall),这个点很特殊,包含了时间和空间两个概念。
在这个点以前,既没有时间,也没有空间——在这个点之后,才有了时空和关于时空度量的概念。那这个点以前到底是什么?
什么都没有。
很抽象?我也同意啊。反正物理学界比较认可的观点是,我们到现在,能明白的只有5%。剩下的95%open(所以是出成绩的好机会哦)。
2015年9月14日,人们第一次直接捕捉到引力波,证明了黑洞系统可能有两种星体质量(binary star mass)。星体质量是天文学上一个专有名词,一般来说,用太阳的质量做单位,M(日)会说,那颗星的质量是几个M(日)。
这是常见的度量Skalar的用法,总不能用人的体重作标尺,就算几百年前的也不怎么合适,比如问,几个一剑陶三没文化那么重?
那太不科学。
引力波存在的预言?当然是物理界的super star,100年前的爱因斯坦给出的,这也是他广义相对论论文的basic idea,广义相对论将引力解释为时空扭曲的结果。
2015年9月,科学家真正观测到双黑洞在引力波场的碰撞,并最终合二为一。
另一派的理论来了。我们的宇宙,生于黑洞长于黑洞,甚至,我们现在也有可能是在黑洞中存在,我们的universum不是single Universum,而是multi-Universum,嗯,我们有很多neighbour Universium。
哦?!
这一派的掌门,叫Nikodem Poplawski,波兰人,生于1975年,他也被称为,新时代的爱因斯坦。
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/NikodemPoplawski.jpg)
他(最广为人知)的猜想是,每一个黑洞,都是通往另一个世界的门。我们不过是在某一个黑洞里生活,Urknall?没有这件事。
Urknall理论的起源,也要退回到100年前,比利时人Georges Lemaitre(他拿到1954年的诺贝尔物理奖),他的身份,除了天体物理学家,也是天主教牧师。1927年他观测到银河系的扩张,并通过计算证明了这一点。
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/MillikanLemaitreEinstein.jpg/450px-MillikanLemaitreEinstein.jpg)
结论受到同时代的爱因斯坦的嘲笑。爱因斯坦的原话是,您算的都对,但是,您的物理知识,实在是糟糕的很恐怖啊(Your calculations are correct, but your physics is atrocious)!
Lemaitre把他推算出的宇宙起源点称为,Primeval Atom,这也是the Big Bang Theory的真正起源。
爱因斯坦后来当然承认了自己的错误,对Lemaitre1933年在加州的报告之后带头鼓掌,评价是,This is the most beautiful and satisfactory explanation of creation to which I have ever listened。回忆这段经历,爱因斯坦说,这是我生命中最蠢驴得一件事(他真的用的是donkey这个字)。
是的,敢错。敢认。
The Big Bang Theory最受质疑的一点是,什么叫“在此之前什么都没有”?什么是singularity(奇点)?这只蛋,到底是哪里生出来的?
回到Poplawski的理论。他说,我们的宇宙,产生于一个黑洞,它会聚集能量(物质),进一步生成一个超密度的种子(随时可能explodieren)的核,这颗种子处的时间空间如此变形以至于完全静止。
银河系和黑洞的关系是,共生。
因此,寻找宇宙的源头,变成寻找宇宙中的黑洞。
黑洞很可怕?如同吸尘器,会把周边的东西吸进去?包括我们人类本身?
不是的。黑洞没有“吸”的能力。
简单来说,黑洞可以理解成占空间非常非常小的物质,含有非常非常大的质量,它的特点是,由于引力场的作用,不会有光,或者其他任何信息从黑洞中出来,所有靠近黑洞的物质,将会停留在那里。
黑洞理论也是爱因斯坦的广义相对论的一个推理。
爱因斯坦说,时空由于其中物质和引力场的存在,是可以弯曲的。如果再加其他的物质进来,将会造成这种弯曲下的波动。
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)
而黑洞,由于其质量大到无穷,不仅会形成时空的弯曲,甚至真的会产生一个洞,而光,在试图穿透黑洞的引力场中会失去能量。
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)
按照Poplawski的理论,宇宙中可以生成按大小不同的四类黑洞,从小到不可见,到大到以数十亿M(日)计算。
按照原有的黑洞理论的数学模型,所有的物质将会收敛到一个点(极限),也就是宇宙诞生的奇点(singularity)。作为物理学家,Poplawski不同意的,恰恰是这个singularity的存在,也就是说,他不同意物理上能达到这个奇点。
他的观点是,由于物质在黑洞周围是旋转运动的,这种旋转产生与重力相反的力,它会阻止奇点的出现,换句话说,可以无限接近,但是永远不会达到奇点。
这个现象,被称为Torsion。这种讨论方式,是学数学和学物理经常互相嘲笑的一点,一派说,你看你看,我总能完成的,不就是绣花针?另一派呢,(也许背着手)扯,你永远到不了(我)这个点。
如果一个新的宇宙的出现,Poplawski说,不是因为达到那个奇点,是因为Torsion,近似的理解是,从那个奇点周围绕啊绕的再绕出去,爆发,形成一个新的universe。
如果Poplawski的理论是对的,那么,到目前为止,我们教科书上的理论,就是错的。
这没什么,物理界最前沿的理论,很多时候5,6年就要重新修正一下的。
科学可以自傲的,当然是够open。
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